India has formal diplomatic relations with most nations; it is the world’s second most populous country, the world’s mostpopulous democracy and one of the fastest growing major economies. With the world’s seventh largest military expenditure, ninth largest economy by nominal rates and third largest by purchasing power parity, India is a regional power, a nascent great power and a potential superpower.
India’s growing international influence gives it a prominent voice in global affairs. The Economist magazine argues, however, that underinvestment in diplomacy and a lack of strategic vision have minimised India’s influence in the world. India is a newly industrialised country, it has a long history of collaboration with several countries and is considered one of the leaders of the developing world along with China, Brazil, Russia and South Africa (the BRICS countries). India was one of the founding members of several international organisations, most notably the United Nations, the Asian Development Bank, G20 industrial nations and the founder of the Non-aligned movement.
India has often represented the interests of developing countries at various international platforms. Shown here is Prime Minister Manmohan Singh with Dmitry Medvedev, Hu Jintao and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during BRIC summit
India has also played an important and influential role in other international organisations like East Asia Summit, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund (IMF), G8+5 and IBSA Dialogue Forum. Regionally, India is a part of SAARC and BIMSTEC. India has taken part in several UN peacekeeping missions and in 2007, it was the secondlargest troop contributor to the United Nations.[12] India is currently seeking a permanent seat in the UN Security Council, along with the G4 nations. India’s relations with the world have evolved since the British Raj (1857–1947), when the British Empire monopolised external and defence relations. When India gained independence in 1947, few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country’s oldest political party, the Indian National Congress, had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicise its freedom struggle.
From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had a longstanding interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress stance on international issues. As a member of the interim government in 1946, Nehru articulated India’s approach to the world. India’s international influence varied over the years after independence. Indian prestige and moral authority were high in the 1950s and facilitated the acquisition of developmental assistance from both East and West. Although the prestige stemmed from India’s nonaligned stance, the nation was unable to prevent Cold War politics from becoming intertwined with interstate relations in South Asia.
In the 1960s and 1970s India’s international position among developed and developing countries faded in the course of wars with China and Pakistan, disputes with other countries in South Asia, and India’s attempt to balance Pakistan’s support from the United States and China by signing the Indo- Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in August 1971. Although India obtained substantial Soviet military and economic aid, which helped to strengthen the nation, India’s influence was undercut regionally and internationally by the perception that its friendship with the Soviet Union prevented a more forthright condemnation of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. In the late 1980s, India improved relations with the United States, other developed countries, and China while continuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Relations with its South Asian neighbours, especially Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, occupied much of the energies of the Ministry of External Affairs.
In the 1990s, India’s economic problems and the demise of the bipolar world political system forced India to reassess its foreign policy and adjust its foreign relations. Previous policies proved inadequate to cope with the serious domestic and international problems facing India. The end of the Cold War gutted the core meaning of nonalignment and left Indian foreign policy without significant direction. The hard, pragmatic considerations of the early 1990s were still viewed within the nonaligned framework of the past, but the disintegration of the Soviet Union removed much of India’s international leverage, for which relations with Russia and the other post-Soviet states could not compensate. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India improved its relations with the United States, Canada, France, Japan and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel and this relationship grew during the tenures of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government and the subsequent UPA (United Progressive Alliance) governments.
In the mid-1990s, India attracted the world attention towards the Pakistan-backed terrorism in Kashmir. The Kargil War resulted in a major diplomatic victory for India. The United States and European Union recognised the fact that Pakistani military had illegally infiltrated into Indian territory and pressured Pakistan to withdraw from Kargil. Several anti-India militant groups based in Pakistan were labeled as terrorist groups by the United States and European Union. India has often represented the interests of developing countries at various international platforms. Shown here are Prime Minister Manmohan Singh with Dmitry Medvedev, Hu Jintao and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during BRIC summit in June, 2009. In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons for the second time which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India.
India’s then-defence minister, George Fernandes, said that India’s nuclear programme was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001. After the 11 September attacks in 2001, Indian intelligence agencies provided the U.S. with significant information on Al-Qaeda and related groups’ activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. India’s extensive contribution to the War on Terror, coupled with a surge in its economy, has helped India’s diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past three years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with U.S. and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened U.S.-India and E.U.-India bilateral relationship. India’s bilateral trade with Europe and United States has more than doubled in the last five years.
India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India’s candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including France, Russia,[50] the United Germany, Japan, Brazil, Australia and UAE. In 2004, the United States signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the latter is not a part of the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty. The US argued that India’s strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception, however this has not persuaded other Nuclear Suppliers Group members to sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to India in November 2010, US president Barack Obama announced US support for India’s bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council as well as India’s entry to Nuclear Suppliers Group, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group and Missile Technology Control Regime.
Hey there, You’ve done an incredible job. I will certainly digg it and in my opinion suggest to my friends. I’m confident they will be benefited from this site.
Wow that was odd. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
Hey there, You’ve done a great job. I will certainly digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this site.
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyhow, just wanted to say great blog!
Hi there, You have performed a great job. I’ll certainly digg it and in my opinion recommend to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this web site.
Currently it looks like Expression Engine is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Right now it sounds like BlogEngine is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Wow that was odd. I just wrote an incredibly long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyhow, just wanted to say excellent blog!
Aw, this was a very nice post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to produce a superb article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never manage to get anything done.
Currently it appears like BlogEngine is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Right now it seems like WordPress is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Hello there, You have done an excellent job. I’ll certainly digg it and for my part suggest to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this site.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyhow, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
Right now it appears like Expression Engine is the preferred blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say great blog!
Greate article. Keep posting such kind of information on your blog. Im really impressed by it.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Aw, this was a really good post. Spending some time and actual effort to create a top notch article… but what can I say… I put things off a whole lot and don’t manage to get anything done.
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyway, just wanted to say excellent blog!
Excellent article. Keep posting such kind of info on your blog. Im really impressed by your site.
Right now it appears like Drupal is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
At this time it appears like BlogEngine is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Right now it sounds like Expression Engine is the preferred blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Greate post. Keep writing such kind of info on your site. Im really impressed by your blog.
Hey there, You have done a fantastic job. I’ll definitely digg it and for my part suggest to my friends. I am confident they will be benefited from this website.
May I simply just say what a comfort to discover somebody that actually understands what they’re discussing online. You definitely realize how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More and more people must read this and understand this side of your story. I can’t believe you’re not more popular because you surely possess the gift.
Currently it sounds like Drupal is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Hi there, You have performed an excellent job. I will definitely digg it and in my view suggest to my friends. I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this web site.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say fantastic blog!
At this time it seems like Drupal is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
May I simply say what a relief to find a person that genuinely knows what they are discussing on the web. You actually realize how to bring an issue to light and make it important. A lot more people need to read this and understand this side of your story. I was surprised that you are not more popular because you definitely possess the gift.
At this time it sounds like Movable Type is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Can I simply just say what a comfort to find someone who really knows what they’re talking about online. You definitely know how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More and more people must read this and understand this side of the story. It’s surprising you are not more popular given that you certainly possess the gift.
Hey there, You’ve done a great job. I’ll definitely digg it and personally recommend to my friends. I am confident they will be benefited from this web site.
Aw, this was a really nice post. Spending some time and actual effort to create a superb article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never seem to get nearly anything done.
Excellent pieces. Keep writing such kind of information on your blog. Im really impressed by your site.
Hello there, You’ve performed a great job. I will certainly digg it and in my view recommend to my friends. I am sure they’ll be benefited from this website.
Aw, this was a very good post. Spending some time and actual effort to make a good article… but what can I say… I hesitate a whole lot and don’t seem to get anything done.
Hey there, You’ve done an excellent job. I will definitely digg it and for my part suggest to my friends. I am confident they’ll be benefited from this website.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say fantastic blog!
Greate article. Keep writing such kind of info on your page. Im really impressed by your site.
Greate article. Keep posting such kind of info on your site. Im really impressed by your site
Hey there, You have performed an incredible job. I will definitely digg it and in my opinion recommend to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this website.
May I simply just say what a comfort to discover somebody who truly understands what they are talking about on the net. You certainly understand how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More and more people really need to check this out and understand this side of your story. I can’t believe you aren’t more popular because you certainly possess the gift.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say superb blog!
Currently it seems like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Right now it seems like Expression Engine is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Wow that was odd. I just wrote an really long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say excellent blog!
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Right now it looks like Movable Type is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Aw, this was an extremely good post. Taking the time and actual effort to generate a great article… but what can I say… I put things off a whole lot and don’t seem to get anything done.
Hello there, You’ve performed an excellent job. I’ll definitely digg it and in my view recommend to my friends. I am sure they’ll be benefited from this web site.
At this time it sounds like WordPress is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Hey there, You’ve done an excellent job. I will certainly digg it and for my part recommend to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this website.
Greate post. Keep posting such kind of information on your blog. Im really impressed by your blog.
Hello there, You’ve done an incredible job. I will definitely digg it and in my view suggest to my friends. I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this site.
Greate article. Keep writing such kind of information on your page. Im really impressed by your blog.
Right now it looks like Movable Type is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Can I simply just say what a relief to uncover somebody that really knows what they are talking about on the web. You definitely realize how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people have to look at this and understand this side of the story. I was surprised that you are not more popular given that you definitely possess the gift.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an really long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say superb blog!
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say great blog!
May I simply just say what a comfort to discover somebody who actually understands what they’re talking about over the internet. You certainly know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More and more people need to check this out and understand this side of your story. I was surprised you aren’t more popular since you definitely have the gift.
Right now it looks like Drupal is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Right now it appears like Movable Type is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
This is a great tip particularly to those new to the blogosphere. Short but very accurate information… Thank you for sharing this one. A must read post!
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say great blog!
Excellent pieces. Keep writing such kind of information on your site. Im really impressed by your blog.
Everything is very open with a very clear description of the challenges. It was definitely informative. Your website is very useful. Thank you for sharing!
Right now it looks like Expression Engine is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Greate pieces. Keep writing such kind of info on your blog. Im really impressed by it.
Can I simply just say what a relief to uncover a person that genuinely understands what they’re discussing over the internet. You definitely understand how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people should read this and understand this side of the story. I was surprised you are not more popular because you most certainly possess the gift.
Excellent article. Keep posting such kind of info on your page. Im really impressed by it.
At this time it sounds like Expression Engine is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here. The sketch is tasteful, your authored subject matter stylish. nonetheless, you command get bought an impatience over that you wish be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come more formerly again as exactly the same nearly very often inside case you shield this increase.
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an incredibly long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyway, just wanted to say great blog!
Hello there, You’ve done an excellent job. I will definitely digg it and for my part suggest to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this website.
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyway, just wanted to say superb blog!
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Hi there, You have done a fantastic job. I will certainly digg it and for my part recommend to my friends. I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this site.
Right now it sounds like BlogEngine is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Currently it appears like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Aw, this was an incredibly nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to produce a great article… but what can I say… I hesitate a lot and never manage to get nearly anything done.
Can I simply just say what a relief to uncover somebody who genuinely knows what they are discussing online. You definitely understand how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More people really need to read this and understand this side of the story. It’s surprising you are not more popular since you certainly possess the gift.
Aw, this was an incredibly good post. Spending some time and actual effort to generate a really good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never seem to get anything done.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an incredibly long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say fantastic blog!
Hello there, You have done an incredible job. I will definitely digg it and individually recommend to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this website.
Aw, this was an extremely nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to create a good article… but what can I say… I hesitate a lot and don’t seem to get anything done.
Hello there, You have performed an incredible job. I will certainly digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this website.
Hello there, You have done an incredible job. I will definitely digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I am confident they will be benefited from this website.
Wow that was odd. I just wrote an really long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say superb blog!
Can I just say what a relief to uncover someone that really knows what they are discussing on the internet. You definitely know how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More and more people should check this out and understand this side of the story. It’s surprising you’re not more popular given that you definitely possess the gift.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Greate pieces. Keep posting such kind of info on your page. Im really impressed by your site.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Right now it appears like BlogEngine is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Currently it seems like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Excellent article. Keep posting such kind of information on your site. Im really impressed by your blog.
Hi there, You’ve performed an incredible job. I will certainly digg it and for my part recommend to my friends. I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this website.
Aw, this was an exceptionally good post. Finding the time and actual effort to make a great article… but what can I say… I hesitate a lot and don’t seem to get anything done.
At this time it appears like BlogEngine is the preferred blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Aw, this was a very good post. Taking the time and actual effort to generate a really good article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and never seem to get nearly anything done.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say superb blog!
Hi there, You have performed a fantastic job. I’ll definitely digg it and in my view recommend to my friends. I am confident they’ll be benefited from this site.
Greate post. Keep writing such kind of info on your site. Im really impressed by it.
Aw, this was an incredibly nice post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to create a great article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and never manage to get nearly anything done.
I’m amazed, I have to admit. Seldom do I come across a blog that’s equally educative and amusing, and without a doubt, you’ve hit the nail on the head. The problem is something not enough folks are speaking intelligently about. I am very happy I stumbled across this in my hunt for something regarding this.
Right now it appears like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Hello there, You have done an excellent job. I’ll definitely digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this web site.
Can I simply say what a relief to discover somebody who really understands what they’re discussing on the net. You certainly know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people should read this and understand this side of your story. It’s surprising you are not more popular since you certainly have the gift.
Hey there, You have done an excellent job. I’ll certainly digg it and personally recommend to my friends. I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this site.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
At this time it looks like Drupal is the preferred blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
At this time it appears like WordPress is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.