Bandi Chhor Divas: The Sikh festival of freedom and light

While Diwali is widely celebrated across India as the festival of lights, in Sikhism, the same period holds a distinct and profoundly meaningful significance: Bandi Chhor Divas, literally the “Day of Liberation.” The festival commemorates a defining moment in Sikh history – the release of Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Sikh Guru, along with 52 other rulers from Mughal captivity. It is a celebration of freedom, justice, courage, and divine grace, observed with devotion, illumination, and communal spirit.
The Story Behind Bandi Chhor Divas
The story of Bandi Chhor Divas is one of courage, wisdom, and selflessness. Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Sikh Guru, assumed leadership after the martyrdom of his father, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, who was executed by the Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1606. Determined to protect the Sikh community and uphold justice, Guru Hargobind combined spiritual authority with temporal power, embodying the principle of Miri-Piri – the harmony of spiritual and worldly responsibility.
In 1619, political tensions led to the Guru being summoned to Delhi and subsequently imprisoned in the formidable Gwalior Fort, a Mughal stronghold. Inside the fort, Guru Hargobind discovered that 52 Hindu kings were also held captive, accused of defying Mughal authority.
Rather than seeking his own freedom alone, Guru Hargobind made a remarkable request: he would leave the fort only if the 52 kings were released alongside him. Emperor Jahangir, impressed by the Guru’s courage, wisdom, and moral integrity, agreed to the Guru’s condition. Guru Hargobind emerged from prison not just free himself, but leading 52 liberated rulers, demonstrating the Sikh ideals of selflessness, justice, and protection of the oppressed.
This moment gave birth to the festival’s name: Bandi Chhor Divas – the Day of Liberation. The Guru’s release coincided with Diwali, linking the historical event to the symbolic theme of light triumphing over darkness.
Historical Context: Sikh-Mughal Relations
Understanding Bandi Chhor Divas requires a glance at the turbulent period of early 17th-century India. The Sikh Gurus had increasingly become influential figures in both spiritual and political spheres, which drew suspicion from the Mughal rulers. Guru Hargobind Sahib, unlike his predecessors, recognized the necessity of balancing spiritual teachings with social and political protection. He strengthened the Sikh community by organizing a disciplined, armed force, not for conquest, but for defense and justice.
The Guru’s imprisonment was part of Jahangir’s strategy to curb his influence. However, Guru Hargobind’s wisdom, diplomacy, and moral authority transformed what could have been a period of suppression into a moment of liberation for many – an enduring testament to courage, faith, and leadership.
Spiritual Significance
Bandi Chhor Divas carries profound lessons for the Sikh community and humanity:
– Freedom and Justice: True liberation encompasses selflessness, extending protection and justice to others, as Guru Hargobind demonstrated.
– Faith in Divine Grace: The Guru’s release exemplifies how courage, righteousness, and devotion align with divine will to overcome adversity.
– Light Over Darkness: Just as Diwali symbolizes the victory of good over evil, Bandi Chhor Divas represents triumph over oppression and the illumination of righteousness.
Guru Hargobind’s philosophy of Miri-Piri also reminds us that spiritual and worldly responsibilities are inseparable – one must cultivate inner virtue while taking action in the world to uphold justice and protect the vulnerable.
Celebrations and Traditions
Bandi Chhor Divas is marked with devotion, illumination, and community service:
– Illumination of Gurdwaras: Sikh temples, especially the Golden Temple in Amritsar, are decorated with thousands of diyas, candles, and lights, creating a breathtaking reflection on the sacred waters.
– Kirtan and Ardas: Devotional singing of hymns and prayers focuses on freedom, justice, and the welfare of all beings.
– Langar (Community Kitchen): Free meals are served to everyone, emphasizing equality, service, and generosity.
– Nagar Kirtans: Public processions with hymns, martial arts displays (Gatka), and community participation celebrate Sikh courage and unity.
Bandi Chhor Divas and Diwali: Shared Symbolism
Although distinct, Bandi Chhor Divas coincides with Diwali, and both festivals share themes of light, hope, and victory over darkness. Both inspire inner reflection, gratitude, and community service – whether through lighting diyas or serving langar. Together, they create a period of moral, spiritual, and communal rejuvenation.
Global Observance
Sikhs worldwide observe Bandi Chhor Divas with reverence:
– Canada, the UK, USA, Malaysia, and Australia: Gurdwaras host special prayers, illuminate their premises, and organize community meals and cultural programs.
– The festival also educates local communities about Sikh history and values, emphasizing freedom, justice, and moral courage.
Lessons for the Modern World
Bandi Chhor Divas teaches timeless values:
– Advocate for justice and freedom, not only for oneself but for all.
– Uphold moral courage in the face of oppression.
– Balance spiritual growth with worldly responsibilities.
The Guru’s example offers a model for ethical leadership, social responsibility, and the enduring power of faith and selflessness. Bandi Chhor Divas is more than a historical remembrance; it is a festival of liberation, light, and courage. By commemorating Guru Hargobind Sahib’s release and the liberation of 52 kings, Sikhs celebrate the triumph of righteousness, the power of compassion, and the eternal light of justice. As diyas illuminate homes and gurdwaras, the festival reminds humanity that courage, selflessness, and moral integrity are the true lights that dispel darkness in every era.